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Shpack Landfill is a hazardous and radioactive waste site in Norton, Massachusetts. After assessment by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) it was added to the National Priorities List in October 1986 for long-term remedial action. The cleanup of the Shpack site was completed in 2012 at a cost of $78 million. The US Army Corps of Engineers directed the excavation and disposal of Shpack radioactive wastes. The US EPA oversaw and directed the clean up of chemical and hazardous wastes under the federal Superfund program. The site covers with 6 acres in Norton and in the adjoining city of Attleboro. A high tension power line right of way runs through the Shpack site. The Shpack site operated as an open burning backyard dump. Between 1946 and 1965 it accepted domestic and industrial wastes including low-level radioactive waste Natural, depleted and enriched uranium were major contaminants at the Shpack dump. The amount of enriched uranium excavated from the Shpack dump was cumulatively significant. Over the course of a decade tons of uranium were discarded as low level residue on nuclear fuel manufacturing wastes such as rags, filters and sludges. These uranium discards were considered normal operating losses in that the waste being discarded contained quantities of uranium that was technically or economically unrecoverable. Historically Metals & Controls normal operating losses are reported to have been approximately eight tenths of one percent. Uranium discarded at the Shpack dump came from Metals & Controls. In 1952 Metals & Controls became the first non-government owned facility to process enriched uranium for the Atomic Energy Commission. Metals & Controls initial uranium work was performed by its General Plate division. General Plate was a two thousand employee manufacturer of precision rolled gold and silver plate, tubing, electrical contact material and clad metals. When Metals & Controls began fabricating uranium half its revenue came from its General Plate division and half from its Spencer Thermostat division. By 1959 almost half of Metals & Controls' revenue came from its nuclear division. In 1954 Metals & Controls had forty full time employees fabricating uranium and reactor fuel for the US Atomic Energy Commission. Metals & Controls early uranium work included fueling the Navy's first nuclear submarine, the Nautilus. After the Nautilus' launch in 1955 Metals & Controls was awarded a series of contracts making it the nuclear Navy's largest supplier of reactor fuel. Metals & Controls made history by fueling the Navy's first ballistic missile firing submarine, the George Washington; the Navy's first nuclear powered surface ship, the Long Beach; and the Navy's first nuclear powered aircraft carrier, the Enterprise. In addition to manufacturing Naval reactor fuel, Metals & Controls fabricated uranium for Atomic Energy Commission weapons contractors including the University of California's Lawrence Radiation Lab, Los Alamos Laboratory and the Rocky Flats Plant. In 1956 Metals & Controls built a building to house its rapidly expanding nuclear division. Over the next five years this building grew to 210,000 square feet. During the late 1950s and early 1960s Naval reactor vessels arrived in Attleboro by rail and were fueled in a specially built high bay at Metals & Controls. In 1959 when Metals & Controls merged with Texas Instruments its Attleboro fuel plant employed one thousand people and was the largest such facility in the world. Metals & Controls uranium work for the Atomic Energy Commission was closely related to company co-founder, Vannevar Bush. Bush was a Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor and co-founder of Raytheon Manufacturing. In late 1938 he resigned from Metals & Controls and Raytheon's board of directors after being named President of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. In January, 1939 the Carnegie Institution under Bush's direction conducted the first experiments in America where the uranium atom was split. News of these experiments quickly made their way to the White House. Carnegie trustee Frederick Delano was the uncle of US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. In 1941 President Roosevelt appointed Bush Chairman of the newly created US Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD). The OSRD was formed to coordinate US scientific research for military purposes including development of the atomic bomb. It was Bush President Franklin Delano Roosevelt to provide unlimited wartime funding for the atomic bomb project. Although much of Bush's World War II work was top secret, he was featured on the April 3, 1944 cover of Time Magazine under the caption "Vannevar Bush General of Physics." Vannevar Bush's influence in Washington during the war and immediately after was enormous. Widely hailed as a hero for developing the atomic bomb, in 1946 Bush's World War II assistant, Carroll Wilson, was selected by President Truman as the first General Manager of the newly created US Atomic Energy Commission. As Commission General Manager Wilson was put in charge of operating and expanding all of the facilities and production plants built during the $2 billion World War II bomb project. Wilson's uncle, Frank J. Wilson, was head of the US Secret Service from 1936 to 1946. In August, 1950 Carroll Wilson resigned as General Manager of the Atomic Energy Commission. As Commission General Manager Wilson had put the Commission plants and factories on a growth path and laid the foundation for a sixty fold expansion of the size of the US nuclear arsenal during the 1950s. When Wilson took control of the Commission's operations in 1947 it was producing (4) nuclear weapons per year. In 1950 when Wilson left the Commission this number had risen to (260) a year. In 1959 the US produced (7,000) nuclear weapons. After Carroll Wilson left the Atomic Energy Commission Vannevar Bush arranged for Wilson to become a member of Metals & Controls board of directors. While continuing to serve on Metals & Controls board Wilson was hired as President of Climax Uranium Mining In 1950 Climax began operating a large uranium ore mill in Grand Junction, Colorado. All of the uranium produced by Climax was sold to the Commission. From the early 1950s to the mid-1960s the Climax mill gave away 300,000 tons of radioactive mill tailings for construction projects contaminating 4,000 residential properties in Grand Junction. In October, 1952 Vannevar Bush rejoined Metals & Controls board two weeks before the first US hydrogen bomb test. At the time Bush was also a director of America's largest company, AT&T and its largest drug company Merck Pharmaceuticals. Bush's interest in guiding corporate policy at Metals & Controls was related not only to his controlling stake in the company, but also to its uranium work. Six months before Bush rejoined Metals & Controls board it began fabricating enriched uranium for the Atomic Energy Commission. Metals & Controls early uranium work was limited in scope involving about twenty employees. By 1954 this uranium fabrication had doubled size and Carroll Wilson was hired as Vice President and General Manager of the newly created nuclear division. As the Commission's General Manager, Wilson had previously overseen more than five thousand employees primarily focused on building nuclear weapons. Wilson's hiring was part of a larger corporate plan where Wilson would grow the nuclear business and ultimately become head of the company. In order for this to happen company President Victor Vaughan was demoted and sent to Versallies, Kentucky to oversee the operation of a new manufacturing plant. After Germany's surrender in May, 1945 Vaughan went to Germany in June, 1945 as a member of the Technical Industrial Intelligence Committee, The Shpack dump was shut down in 1965 by a court order after neighbors went to court to stop the burning of wastes. A series of spectacular chemical waste fires involving hundreds of barrels of chemicals at the adjoining Attleboro town dump was the basis for the neighbors legal action. ==Geology== The geology beneath the Shpack dump consists of glacial deposits thick overlying bedrock. Portions of the Shpack dump are also underlain by of peat associated with long standing wetlands. Bedrock under the site belongs to the Carboniferous Rhode Island Formation and is part of the regional Narragansett Basin sequence. Basement under the Shpack site is folded and fractured sandstone, greywacke, shale and conglomerate. Groundwater in the area is produced from bedrock and shallow overburden aquifers. The water table is at or just below the surface and fluctuates seasonally. Sami-annual fluctuations in the Shpack dump water table and its concave shape may have "pumped" and concentrated micron sized uranium particles in the peat layer beneath the Shpack site. The area is generally low and swampy.〔 Almost all wastes at the Shpack dump were below the top of the water table. Shielding provided by groundwater reduced surface radiation levels and concealed most of the buried radioactive materials. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Shpack Landfill」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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